We are exposed BPA toxicity directly through its products or indirectly throughout contaminated surroundings. Diet food and beverages is the chief source of human exposure to BPA, though air, dust, and water including skin contact during bathing and swimming are other possible sources of exposure. Leaching of BPA from polycarbonate products depends on the contact time, temperature, and type of food.
BPA may be the bona fide endocrine disruptor that unfavorably affects metabolic homeostasis. Endocrine disrupting chemicals EDCs have the capability of hindering normal endocrine systems. There are numerous scientific concerns regarding BPA toxicity in humans, particularly in fetuses, infants, and children.
The data regarding BPA distribution in the environment and potential for human exposure raise public awareness and concern about BPA. The production capacity and solid waste management of BPA products and extent of the database on biochemical properties of BPA in fetuses, infants, and children are yet to be compiled from various other databases and literature sources.
The detailed mechanism of BPA enzymatic, androgenic, and neurological alterations, hematological effects and histological toxicity in fetuses, infants, and children is not convincing because of inadequate studies or traditional strategies carried out on individuals exposed to BPA [ 4 ]. It is very important to plan how to handle, dispose of, and implement protective measures against BPA exposure. There is restrained doubt regarding BPA toxicity because industries are trying their best to defend and demonstrate that BPA is not that dangerous, and some researchers have proved that BPA is less toxic than was originally thought.
However, it will take a long time to fully ban BPA production and usage or introduce an alternative to the plastics industries. Because of diverse opinion, some standard procedures will have to be established for the safe removal of BPA from the environment rather than imposing a complete ban [ 5 ]. In developed countries, BPA is ever present and has been detected in nearly all human serum samples [ 6 ].
In different parts of the world, BPA has been detected in human saliva, serum, urine, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and placental tissues. BPA has also been detected in human nails, hair, the dermis, breast, and in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Most of the scientific studies over have reported seven harmful effects of BPA, including breast cancer, early puberty, heart diseases, infertility in males and females, as a catalyst for multiple negative brain variations, and obesity [ 7 ].
There are several mechanisms by which BPA affects human health. In receptor-mediated mechanisms, endocrine disturbance takes place by BPA capability to act directly as ligands agonist for steroid hormone nuclear receptors NRs , in particular estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone receptors. In nonreceptor-mediated mechanisms, the cytochrome P enzymes responsible for the highly specific reactions in the steroid biosynthesis pathway are some of the molecular targets of interest, given their vital role in the formation of different highly effective endogenous steroid hormones.
BPA interferes with steroidogenic enzymes and hormone transport in the form of BPA as both an androgen receptor antagonist and polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs. BPA has been listed among the EDCs and is known for its metabolic homeostasis disturbance to block endogenous hormonal activity.
Endocrine disturbance is connected with the risk of developmental problems, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. Also endocrine disruptors can lead to sexual sterility and interfere with fertility.
BPA also causes both disruption in the function and structure of the brain and irregularities in the flow of hormones from the brain, which controls and regulates life processes. However, the probable developmental or reproductive hazard is not convincing because of incomplete data [ 8 , 9 ]. From a toxic dynamics point of view, it was investigated that BPA half-life was relatively short and thus it was suggested to be a fairly less cumulative chemical.
Following oral exposure, most of the BPA dose absorbed was glucuronidated in rat liver and intestines, and because of the short half-life of BPA, this biochemical was excreted quickly from the body by making BPA sulfates SO 4 —2 or BPA glucuronidates during the metabolic progression [ 6 , 12 ]. Numerous effects of BPA, both in humans and in animals, have been extensively studied and the target anatomy organs has been identified in repeat-dose bodily screening of liver, intestines, and kidneys.
In particular, pregnant women may benefit from avoiding BPA — especially during the early stages of pregnancy. That said, swapping plastic containers for BPA-free ones requires very little effort for a potentially big health impact. Three new studies link the common chemical BPA to numerous conditions, including obesity, prostate cancer, and undescended testicles. Researchers have discovered that some alternative materials designed to be an alternative to bisphenol A BPA could be leaching from plastic into….
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Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Some experts claim that it is toxic and that people should make an effort to avoid it. This article provides a detailed review of BPA and its health effects. Therefore, BPA has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of several endocrine disorders including female and male infertility, precocious puberty, hormone dependent tumours such as breast and prostate cancer and several metabolic disorders including polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS.
Because of the constant, daily exposure and its tendency to bio-accumulation, BPA seems to require special attention such as biomonitoring. If you're concerned about BPA , you can take steps to reduce your exposure:.
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